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Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Monday Mar 12, 2012 6:31 pm
by Oliver
Hi all,

The post below started as one exclusively about returnable bottles in Australia, but a little extra information has been added about returnable bottles from other countries.

What are these "returnable bottles"?

At one time, almost all breweries around the world had their own brand of returnable bottle or were members of bottle co-operatives that managed returnable bottles. Instead of being crushed to make new bottles, as happens in most cases today, these returnable bottles were returned to the brewery or bottle co-operative, washed, inspected for cracks and chips and returned to service.

These bottles, and those from the equivalent manufacturers in other states, are still sought-after by homebrewers because they are so sturdy.

Returnable bottles in Australia

I believe that West End and Southwark (South Australian Brewing, later owned by Lion Nathan/Lion) and XXXX (Castlemaine Perkins, also later now Lion Nathan) were the last beers to be bottled in the returnable bottles, some time in the mid-1990s.

Pickaxe bottles

Pickaxe bottles were made and managed by the Adelaide Bottle Company. All Pickaxe bottles have the Pickaxe logo somewhere on them. The logo below is from the last type produced and is on the neck of the bottle, where it is most often found on most 750ml Pickaxe bottles.

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In these bottles the writing around the bottom of the bottle reads "Property of the Adelaide Bottle Co. P/L", in smaller writing than older bottles.

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Older bottles have larger writing around the base than the newer versions and the writing reads "This bottle is the property of the Adelaide Bottle Co. Pty Ltd Thebarton". Note the wear on the bottle. I wonder how many times this bottle was filled, emptied, returned, washed and filled again.

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The logo is very similar to those on the newest bottles.

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A small number of my Pickaxe bottles are even older than this, and have a slightly different logo on them. Note the smaller hands holding the smaller pickaxe.

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As well as the logos on the two bottles above being very slightly different (note the size of the hands), the text around the bottom of them is similar but not the same. They both read "This beer bottle is the property of the Adelaide Bottle Co. Pty. Ltd. Thebarton" (note the word "beer", which was dropped on the later bottles), but the font is slightly different and the lines of text don't line up the same.

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I have at least one Pickaxe bottle that says "Southwark", instead of "Thebarton", which apparently puts it from some time in the late 1950s. I can't find this bottle at the moment but will post a picture when I come across it again.

An older but similar version of Pickaxe bottles was recently given to me by forum member pogierob. His father, also a homebrewer, collected dozens of the bottles over the years that had been discarded in the Australian outback.

These bottles look almost identical to the bottle in the picture above.

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There is large writing around the base reading “This bottle is the property of the Adelaide Bottle Company Limited, Southwark”

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The most easily identifiable difference is a large PX embossed into their bases.

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Looking closely at the logos in the neck of the bottle, they appear to be slightly different designs, with the most noticeable difference the larger hands in the image on the left. However, this may be simply a difference in the sharpness of the logo created from the mould.

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At Winchelsea, near Geelong in Victoria, I bought a bottle that I assume is even older than the other longnecks I have. It has the logo on the base, rather than on the neck. It is slightly taller than the later bottles.

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Here's a close-up of the logo.

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I have seen some people assert on other forums that Coopers never used Pickaxe bottles. However, many of my Pickaxe bottles still have their original labels, and about a third are Coopers. (I also have some Sparkling Ale and Best Extra Stout that still have the original beer in them, from the 1990s!) The bottle second from the left is an older label and reads "Cooper & Sons Ltd", whereas the newer labels say "Coopers Brewery Ltd". The label on this bottle says that there's a 4c refund "at marine dealers in SA".

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Coopers was the first SA brewery to stop using Pickaxe bottles, about 1996. The story goes that as Coopers began sending more beer interstate more of the bottles would never be returned, which was uneconomical.

The South Australian Brewing Company, which is now owned by the Japanese via Lion, used Pickaxe bottles until a few years after Coopers stopped, for its Southwark beers.

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And its West End label.

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Pickaxe bottles also came in other, smaller sizes. Here are a few that I have. On the far left is one of the 375ml "hand grenade" Coopers bottles. Next is a (full) bottle of West End "Eagle Blue", which was a light beer. The green bottle is from Southwark Premium Lager, which incidentally was a bloody good beer. On the right is a much older bottle than the other three.

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Many of these smaller, stubbies (or "echos", as they are sometimes called in South Australia) had ring-pull seals. Here's the Eagle Blue ring-pull, still intact.

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Here is some of the information about Pickaxe bottles, on a page from The Bottle Depot, which is a site specialising in South Australian bottles.
The Adelaide bottle cooperative society was formed in 1897 when a number of brewers, producers and aerated water manufactures grouped together for better buying power of new and secondhand bottles and therefore share the associated costs. When propriety branded bottles emerged in the early 1900’s the Adelaide bottle cooperative society considered production of their own branded bottles.

In 1908 the society registered the Pickaxe trademark and its earliest trademark bottles were secondhand ring seal champagne type bottles that had the pickaxe trademark sandblasted or etched onto them and were introduced around 1910. In 1912 the Society changed its name to the Adelaide Bottle Company Pty and to protect their interests had bottles made with both society and company embossing and were used during the transition period from 1912-13.

[The information above is from] the book ‘The Adelaide Bottle Co.Pty.LTD-The first 80 years 1897-1977 written by F.B.Reed. [The book] states there is no significance to the placement of the hands on the pickaxe, but would occur [due] to the use of new molds where no instructions were given to the engraver as to the placements of the hands.


There is more information on the The Bottle Depot page, including when certain types of bottles were produced.

Returnable bottles in other states

At the time of the demise of the returnable bottle, each state had its own bottle company but the bottles were the same size and shape, with only the logo and text around the base to differentiate them.

Carlton and United Breweries beers in Victoria were distributed in bottles with the CUB logo on the neck and text that read "This bottle always remains the property of the Manufactures Bottle Co. of Victoria Pty. Ltd.".

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In Queensland, XXXX was bottled in its own bottle.

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On the neck was the XXXX man, and the base reads "This bottle is the property of Brisbane Bottle Exchange Co Pty Ltd".

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There is a lot of information about different types of Pickaxe and other returnable bottles in this PDF from the Hidden Canberra website at http://canberracamps.webs.com.
The author, Ann Gugler, has kindly allowed me to reproduce the PDF on homebrewandbeer.com.

Returnable bottles outside Australia

New Zealand

During a recent beer-drinking trip to New Zealand I came across some returnable bottles.
The first was at the Stoke Brewery in Nelson. Both bottles were cider and dated from when the brewery was a cidery.

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The writing around the base or bottom of the neck said “This bottle is the property of the Associated Bottlers Co Ltd NZ”. The logos were just a simple ABC in a triangle.

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At Bays Brewing, also in Nelson, there were some other returnable bottles.

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The base read, “This bottle is the property of Harley & Sons Nelson”

Here’s a Harley & Sons bottle with the label, for Nelson Breweries Pale Ale, intact.

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Other countries

Some countries, including some in Eastern Europe, still have returnable bottles. This is a returnable Orval bottle, from Belgium.

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I hope that at least one person finds this post interesting!

Cheers,

Oliver

EDITED
2014/07/16 to add information on PX Pickaxe bottles and NZ returnable bottles, and link to PDF from Hidden Canberra, along with a bit of a rewrite.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Monday Mar 12, 2012 10:13 pm
by rotten
Oliver wrote:Hi all,

I hope that at least one person finds this post interesting!

Cheers,

Oliver


I made it through to see that, so yes it was interesting :D
I haven't seen them before until then, I will keep an eye out at the local second hand places for one now.
Cheers

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Tuesday Mar 13, 2012 4:34 pm
by barrelboy
Excellent and accurate report Oliver. I have around 300 pickaxe bottles, some with labels as you showed still attached and yes
Coopers did use pickaxe bottles. They are the best bottles for brewing and extensively used for homemade tomato sauce, particularly by the Italian community in SA. Coopers own bottles are up there with them. I have 2 dozen pickaxe stubbies, they are hard to get as they were not reused and were smashed for the glass instead.
Cheers BB

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Tuesday Mar 13, 2012 4:43 pm
by emnpaul
Great post Ollie.

I have one only of the XXXX bottles with the Happy Drunk on the neck. It's the pride of my collection and brings a smile to my face every time it comes around. :D

I cry when I think of how many Southwark and Coopers Stout bottles I chucked out before I knew about home brewing.

A bloke once told me about a limited run bottle brought out by Carlton when they took over NT Breweries. It was branded as Carlton United Northern Territory and around the bottom it said "Bottle remains the property of C.U.N.T." or some such thing. Is this a true story? :lol:

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Tuesday Mar 13, 2012 11:24 pm
by Horse Head Brewing
Thanks for that Oliver was very interesting.
Got about 30 odd pickaxe bottles and most have Coopers and Westend labels on them....sorry did have till last week. :lol:

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Mar 14, 2012 10:34 am
by big dave
Interesting Oliver!

I have just a few old CUB re-fillers. Will have to keep my eyes open now though. A whole other facet of home brewing; open a bottle of something with a mate and have a yarn about the bottle as well as the beer.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Mar 14, 2012 2:19 pm
by Geoff
Nice work Ol. Just one question, though: what the Hell were you doing in Winchelsea?

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Mar 14, 2012 3:56 pm
by earle
Thanks Oliver. Being from the land of XXXX I had no real idea what pick axe bottles were but have heard them mentioned often.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Mar 14, 2012 4:36 pm
by Guru
Very in depth coverage there Oliver, I reckon your article almost needs its own ISBN :D

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Jul 16, 2014 5:19 pm
by Oliver
Hi guys,

I've rewritten this post a bit and included information about pogierob's mysterious PX Pickaxe bottles and some NZ returnable bottles, along with a link to a PDF that includes lots of very old returnable bottles found in a Canberra park.

If anyone has other information or pictures let me know and I can include it in the main post.

Cheers,

Oliver

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Jul 16, 2014 7:11 pm
by warra48
Very interesting, thank you !

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday Jul 16, 2014 9:29 pm
by Geoff
Nice work Oliver.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Saturday Jul 19, 2014 2:09 pm
by emnpaul
Geoff wrote:Nice work Oliver.


Seconded.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Tuesday May 17, 2016 7:06 pm
by Paley
Thanks for that post Oliver, great info. Was wondering if anyone has seen the green Pickaxe longnecks. I was given 3 dozen some time back, was told they were made especially for home brew, but don't know if that's correct. They are the same as other 750ml ones but green.

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Tuesday May 17, 2016 8:02 pm
by Paley
Also, anyone know why bottles and bottle merchants were referred to as marines/marine dealers?

Re: Pickaxe and other returnable bottles

PostPosted: Wednesday May 18, 2016 9:45 am
by Guru
Little bit of info on marines on the homepage of the site Paley. Check this out http://www.homebrewandbeer.com/bits-and-pieces/the-dead-marine-project